The Case for Human Settlement of Interplanetary Outer Space

 The Case for Human Settlement of Interplanetary Outer Space

Although there is some strident niche public criticism of these outer-space-venturing projects, this spending and investment in outer-space exploration and interplanetary development and settlement by the space-program engineer and scientist entrepreneurs, and the like of their enterprises, and in part supported in viewpoint, policy and funding by NASA and the US Congress, plus, offers solutions to humanity's great and grave problems of industrial-economic -- industrial and general human-overpopulation over-harvesting and depletion of Earth's natural resources, expansion and takeover of all habitable land for commodification, marketplace productivity and real estate development for human habitation and commerce resulting in endless substantial species extinction/s -- environmental despoliation (of the atmosphere, water and land everywhere with all variety of mass pollution, war degradation and toxic-waste, garbage and litter, etc., contamination, dumping and blight) and unchecked, exponentially growing human overpopulation on our home planet Earth, whose natural life-support systems and species, including our own, are existentially endangered by these anthropogenic problems. Our species in these respects is the biggest root problem for planet Earth and its biology.

The idea of these visionary space-faring sci-tech entrepreneurs, most prominently Jeff Bezos and Elon Musk, but long before advised by scientists Carl Sagan and Stephen Hawking, among many others, as a necessity, is a feasible, smart and noble one of transferring heavy and polluting industry as well as making it possible and attractive on a voluntary basis for ordinary people on a mass scale to relocate and settle ongoingly Earth's moon, Mars and its moons and the dwarf planet Ceres, as well as for Earth's human extractive and mining industries to extract from and mine these and the mineral and valuable metals rich asteroids of the asteroid belt, to spare the Earth of unsustainable continuous human overpopulation growth and its gross despoiling and depleting commercialization of Earth's atmosphere, water bodies and lands and the consequential extinction of Earth's biodiversity and eventually most or all of Earth's species.

They also are proponents for establishing backup other-world homes for human civilization in case a mass species extinction event is dealt to our planet Earth, making it unhabitable for the long-term for our species and most other complex and large species, as has happened repeatedly in Earth's natural history, by an asteroid or comet strike (the Chicxulub impactor), being the latest such event (65-66 million years ago), and a series of catastrophic geophysical events of origin from our planet, and as is currently underway, so far gradually, primarily caused by humanity's industrial fossil-fuels-use and other hydrocarbons-generating atmospheric pollution in conjunction with its commercially-driven deforestation globally, and that is a credible potential from large-scale intercontinental thermonuclear war on the part of humanity against its factional, feuding self, internationally armed with doomsday-scenario stocks of aerially deliverable intercontinental nuclear missiles, naval marine-to-marine and marine-to-land deliverable nuclear missiles and battlefield tactical nuclear weapons. (In this connection, I venture to advise screening for founding settlers of these other worlds physically and mentally--emotionally-ethically fit, peaceful persons with exceptional empathizing, cooperative, attention-span and listening skills -- men, women and youth -- with high-level STEM-and problem-solving education knowledge and skills, favoring such scientists, engineers, mathematicians, medical personnel, technical designers, techies and building-trades technicians, cognitive- and psychotherapists, as well as youth educationally highly successfully on these vocational paths, all with objective, merit-test-verified advanced reading, writing and math skills. I venture further to suggest the naming of the first founding settlement Science City or renaming the other world Science Planet, Science Topia or Science World. Let them be very well financially compensated with lifetime-guaranteed, comprehensive health-medical care and insurance, tenured employment and pay, and retirement benefits.)

The off-worlding from Earth of humanity’s heavy and pollution industries, as well as mineral and ore extraction and mining industries, would occur in a gradual process and is doable in the relative near term, as would the start of populating their excavated and architecturally crafted subsurface and already existing caves, lava tubes and some craters, to be domed, with humans, vegetation, agriculture (including a variety of edible fungi/mushrooms & shrooms and high-protein gourmet, edible African worms and mudfish), and aquaculture (including aquariums for animal companionship and amusement). Habitat development for humans and their food, oxygen, hydration, thermal-control and fuel-energy production systems on and in these off-worlds from Earth readily can be constructed in large part from their regolith and soil, the latter converted to cement, concrete and glass (they have otherwise been detected to possess in planetary abundance the spectrum of chemicals, minerals and ores, and more, as those of the Earth) and by 3D-printing machines and robots. Human feces, perhaps irradiated or pasteurized to kill its pathogens, according to scientific research and development on its recyclable practical use may or can be used as a like building material by the same processes to construct habitations for humans on other-worlds like the moon and Mars (Mouse click on the following hyperlink to read the science on recycling human poop for this purpose: Bricks Made From Human Waste Could Be The Future of The Construction Industry (sciencealert.com)). They can be constructed to be luxurious and electronically hi-tech accommodation with all of the technological amenities of the most upscale living quarters and communities on Earth, including facilities for cleaning, bathing, showering (via fog and steam delivered from faucets, spigots, showerheads, etc., otherwise used for dispensing flowing water, in order to conserve water), sports and recreation, entertainment, garden strolling and lounging, hanging out and socializing with others, meditation and worship, study and learning and general intellectual pursuits, arts and crafts, music, piano, guitar, singing, dancing, TV, movies, radio, etc., too, as well as for communal dinning and imbibing spirits and medical services, etc., and they could be, as applicable for the particular other world or location on it, electrically powered and utilities-gas supplied variously by thermo-voltaic solar arrays (with magnifying glass amplifiers for Mars, its moons, and the dwarf planet Ceres in the asteroid belt), and such energy capture and storage units, wind-turbines, bio-digesters (for converting into heating-, cooking- and electricity power-source methane gas human toilet and food waste and other biomass waste, which they also convert in part to high-grade plant fertilizer), hydro-chemical and geothermal energy-supply sources, and, possibly but cautiously, by Bill Gates compact, portable, reportedly failsafe nuclear power plants that also reportedly operate on nuclear waste as their power source.

In addition, the human habitations of these other-worlds should have on hand an overabundance of hand-crank-powered technology, such as flashlights, lanterns, radios, generators, etc. -- mouse click on the following hyperlink to see examples of available hand-crank-technology offerings at https://www.bing.com/images/search?q=crank+powered+devices&qpvt=Crank+powered+devices&form=IQFRML&first=1&tsc=ImageBasic Hover -- and, if possible, such space heaters and hotplates (for cooking), in the event of unexpected electrical or utilities vapor-gas power failures, as well as an overabundance of indoor and outdoor solar heating and lighting, plus, technology that is automatically energized by daylight during daylight hours

(mouse click on the following hyperlink to read on and further mouse-click link to examples of solar-power-tech offering at https://news.energysage.com/solar-panel-technology-advances-solar-energy/). Hopefully, such utilities power failures will be rare or precluded, but if incident, then humans and other biology cultivated and kept by humans will be in dwellings well-insulated against onsets of dangerous temperatures, dwellings insulation that is the legally compelled and implemented rule for all dwellings.

(Concerning other-world temperature, near the equator of Mars, its warmest or least cold location, during its summer, temperatures average 70 degrees Fahrenheit during daylight time, with the highest temperature ever recorded there being 95 degrees Fahrenheit during daylight time, but with the temperature plunging there at night to its planetarily normal extreme-cold, below-zero temperature range across all seasons, whether day or night. This location on Mars and warmest locations, including comparative geothermal hotspots, on other worlds in our solar system selected for human settlement should be detected and developed for prime human settlements, especially if they have substantial water-ice deposits in their environs or vicinity, for making liquid water and breathable oxygen. Oxygen can also be made from the water-ice and carbon dioxide-ice, and, as applicable, atmosphere of these other worlds. They would make for the best permanent settlement sites and ideal daytime hospitality sites for visitors, or interplanetary space tourists, too.)

Considerable quantities of water-ice (enough to support and sustain substantial off-Earth human colonies), which can be sublimated into liquid, flowing water, have been detected by resource-probe and surveillance spacecraft on Earth’s moon, Mars and Ceres, and ethically and harmlessly extractible billions-of-years’ worth of water-ice in the aggregate have been so observed to exist across the relatively nearby asteroid belt, the gas-ice giant planets Uranus and Neptune and vast Kuiper Belt ice-objects expanse of our outer solar system, beyond the icy dwarf-planet Pluto planetary-moon system, which along with the water-ice rich planet-moon systems of Jupiter and Saturn, the largest planets in our solar system, may host moons with current subsurface aquatic life, that may be complex aquatic life, making these environments ethically taboo for mining their water-ice structures for their continuous supply of, and delivery to the collection craters for them on, our interplanetary colonies. Nevertheless, some of the scores of moons of each Jupiter and Saturn that are evidently life, as we know it (reproductive cellular, mutational, evolutionary life -- biology), barren and prohibitive as a matter of their geophysical condition, would be, like likewise life-barren and desolate Earth's moon, Mars and its moons, and Ceres, ethically suitable for geoengineering and terraforming by humans for habitability by humans and other of Earth's life forms. Humanity can also construct much more effective land-based [telescopic] observatories on these off-Earth worlds, free of humanity's, on Earth, chemical, fossil-fuels, light and orbital-space-junk pollution, and locate there museums to store humanity's and our sciences' portably historically, scientifically, culturally, artistically and educationally priceless treasures and secure them, hopefully for always, from the ravages of human war, all other destructiveness, and all looting and banditry.

The biological problems for humans in spacecraft flight to and physically functioning on these off-Earth worlds of particularly susceptibility to cancer from cosmic rays and radiation and bone-density loss from in-flight zero-gravity or microgravity and new-world low gravity might in significant part be overcome or offset by insulating the skin of the spacecraft traveling to and temporary [modular] buildings on these worlds with layers of antiradiation lead-foil shielding and making the travelers' living and working, etc., quarters, clothing and furniture (not forgetting beds) electronically, silently, imperceptibly and continuously, vibratory and providing the facilities, and/beds with robotic equipment that, on a daily basis, deep massage the muscles and bones of travelers and settlers, and subject their muscles and bones to weight-bearing and skeletal traction exercises, in which the subjected travelers and settlers behaviorally remain passive. On medical approval, it might be a good idea for them to intake glucosamine and chondroitin nutritional supplements with MSM as well as magnesium, potassium and zinc mineral nutritional supplements, and a capsule of high-quality calcium and drop or easily chewable small tablet of antiradiation potassium iodide, with a meal or meals, for the most part daily permanently. All of these nutritional supplements, except for the small tablet potassium, to be chewed thoroughly, should absolutely be consumed in capsule, therein powdered, form, and not in pill form, including for all same form of official oral medication, in my opinion, inasmuch as pills and tablets, for sure, in my judgment and opinion, can and do damage the digestive system and cause hernias as well as, by their binder ingredients, hardened stool in the gut, constipation and difficult and rectal-tissue rupturing and/or tearing defecation -- in my experienced judgment and opinion. To avoid consuming the byproduct cellulose capsule-container of these powdered nutritional supplements, they should be opened and their contents deposited in a section of one's soup, yogurt, smoothie or hot cereal, or on a portion, the sauciest portion, of one's plate of food and mixed in and covered over by that section or portion of food of either kind. (I must say "opinion" to avoid vicious producer lawsuits against me -- some producers, in my opinion, want to do what is cheapest and sales competitive for themselves and their P&L bottom line without foremost concern for the overall health and safety of their product to and for consumers, while sharing in the credit of the good effects of the capsule versions but selling harm, in my opinion, from the more cheaply produced pill and tablet versions.)

For human babies born on low-gravity other-worlds, there will be a Darwinian adaptive and evolutionary sorting of them in best and, eventual, optimal physical functionality to the natural geophysical conditions of those other-worlds, and the newcomer, pioneer settlers will have to and will readily, to varying bio-locomotional degrees (skeletal, neural-muscular locomotionally or motorically), adapt according to their individual physical capabilities there and learn to function there physically adequately, for basically healthy, physically fit persons. But much, an overabundance of, long-term-use painkiller medication should be there and accepted as a necessary evil, for situations of unexpected and expected intolerable pain there for humans. As a practical matter, decedent persons may have to be disposed of in a biodigester process or by cremation (preceded by funerary rites or memorials) with the remnant debris or ash in either event being used as plant fertilizer. For the most part, until these other-worlds have been breathably geoengineered and terraformed on the surface for near-normal human survival and health safety against cosmic rays and radiation showering and bathing them, humans will have to live underground most of the day and work on the surface at night -- they will have to be an interim subterranean and nocturnal species on the other-worlds.

The terraforming of these worlds to make their surfaces, hydrology, atmosphere and meteorology, summarily breathable, protective against carcinogenic and lethal cosmic, habitable and cultivatable for the reproductive lifeforms of our planet, for surface-land foresting, farming aquaculture and bringing our pet dogs, cats, birds and horses, etc., will entail advanced astrophysics-geoengineering study, theorizing and experimentation as well as other research and development to accomplish and will take much more time. But it is feasible and will happen to completion, if our species, with its advanced sci-tech, does not destroy itself and most life on Earth beforehand.

Electronic- or telecommunications between humans on these off-Earth worlds and Earth would be immediately available via computer-device email messaging (text, audio, video or audio-video), cell-phone texting and satellite (or its spacecraft substitute) -radio broadcast signals and such broadcasts. Eventually, instantaneous communications may be interplanetarily possible between and among the interplanetary diaspora of humans via quantum-particle-entanglement language coding of data (alphabetic -- alphabetic that is human devised and standardized, using species of particles, their varied quantity and up-down, left-right spins, and vice versa, for alphabetic meaning or character -- replications of this quantum-particle-entanglement on a transmitter-receiver database in all diaspora setting, in which quantum entanglement can be obtained not only between subatomic particles (quantum particles) but between atoms, molecules and among arrays or collections of atoms or molecules, too) and its transactional, interactive, teleportation by interacting quantum computers, now under development, perhaps globally, but most prominently by Google, IBM and the Peoples Republic of China.

They and their space-faring sci-tech successors, over generations, will make it work via their related education, training and experience and by solving all nature of mechanical and human and involved flora and fauna biological engineering problems by constant sci-tech R&D, human ingenuity and figuring things out on the go.

Engineer-entrepreneurs (formal and informal), informal sci-tech, self-taught, self-motivated tinkerers, innovators and inventors, and scientist-entrepreneurs, as well as, and at times along with, government engineers, scientists, planners and technical designers, have provided advanced nations all of their technology and infrastructure of every kind, against all majority or widespread public incredulity and naysaying of their such concepts and projects, including, most recently, personal computers, the worldwide-web internet, pocket Wi-Fi cell phones, stem-cell therapy, genetic editing and clean, healthful and delicious tech beef and chicken alternative meat that's ranch, farm and slaughter and butcher cruelty-free, with probably pork, crab, lobster, hotdog, sausage and other sci-tech plant-cell cultured, cruelty-free, tech meat to come, which could be machine cultured and consumed by outer-space travels, sojourners and crews and passengers onboard passenger spaceships and orbiting space stations and so made and consumed by human settlers on off-Earth colonies.

With sci-tech humanity's genome decoding, biotech and gene-editing, sci-tech humanity's accumulated bodies of knowledge, skills, experience, mass scientific and related branches of technical education, literacy and talent is position to make and on the cusp making an endless succession of extraordinary breakthroughs in bioengineering, as well as in other applied sciences, in which it may be possible for humanity's sci-tech to not only be able to repair and regenerate body organs and parts of all kinds of and for humans, but also may be able to mass manufacture these from animal stem cells and tissue, artificially and free of the animals themselves and their agricultural domestication, enslavement and food-supplies slaughter by humans and for feeding humans, including milk and eggs, perhaps on all variety of bio-engineered meat trees or vines with the animal meat covered in nutrient plant skins, like those of bananas, oranges, grapefruit, melon, etc., and hanging from the trees and vines.

One of my pet bioengineering fantasies is for sci-tech humanity to mass produce designer, for the construction building trades, cultured [real] wood (real tech wood, hi-speed grown in shape-and-size mold/ing containers) of all construction-wood varieties to spare our planet, and its wildlife, and otherwise, dependent on trees and forests, Earth's [planetary] respiratory system, of interminable mass harvesting and deforestation by humankind. This idea brought to fruition would probably result in, for itself as an industry, a potential multi-hundreds of billions of dollars in net profits annually.

Ruminations of a Physics Fan on the Phenomenon of Gravity

Ruminations of a Physics Fan on the Phenomenon of Gravity

I've been reading over and over in physics writings that gravity is not a force but is the curvature or bending of the fabric of space, or spacetime, by the impact or the presence of bodies of mass in or upon it, assumedly including the resulting microgravity wells of subatomic quantum particles with mass, even in atoms, to such macrogravity wells of super galaxy clusters and such gravity wells of differentiated or discrete bodies of mass between these. At the same time, the gamut of these bodies of natural mass, from tiny to grand, for the most part, do, at varying speeds, based on the nature of the body or object, both spin unto themselves and, so to speak, "hierarchically" orbit more massive or larger and more massive bodies of mass or micro-objects with a mass, which (spinning and orbiting -- indicated superpositioning on both the quantum and macroscopic levels of mass) may not only result from gravitational effects but may contribute to them. However, indeed that curvature or bending response results in pulling, contracting and squeezing pressure, which is a pulling, contracting and squeezing force, which clearly in the case of a black hole, an extreme gravity well or field in the 3D-4D volume of space, or spacetime, is a most powerful sucking gravitational well or field, again, at a minimum, a pulling pressure or force behavior on other things in its pull reach. Furthermore, gravitational waves radially rippling outwardly through the fabric of space, or spacetime, generated from the collision and merging of two black holes or neutron stars, are indeed repulsive gravity, as distinct from ordinary pulling, and the like, gravity and are a [pressure] force impactfully propagating through and rippling the fabric of cosmologically foremost fundamental 3D-4D volume space, or spacetime, itself. Theoretical gravitons, the theoretical quantum particle-wave force carriers of gravity are likely to be found, if they exist, in gravitational waves, which have been repeatedly instrumentally observed and proven to exist by LIGO (Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory). Gravity clearly appears to be a reactive, cascading impactful force either way, of pull or push pressure, albeit a dependent-variable reaction force instigated by the independent-variable antecedent proactive force in or upon space, or spacetime, of mass.

Encapsulated in an inelegant axiom, this conception of gravity would say that the pressure of mass acting on 3D-4D volume spacetime, being the fabric of spacetime, makes and tells 3D-4D volume spacetime, the fabric of spacetime, how to contour, and therein how to move, and the reactive pressure of so contoured 3D-4D volume spacetime hosting and acting on mass tells mass, and its resulting gravity well in spacetime, how to move and how to impact and interact with other bodies of mass and their gravity wells.

Notes

1. Space (the same as spacetime) is a physical 3D-4D volume and geospatial-grid structural thing. It is nowhere and in no way an absolute vacuum. Even in its virtual vacuum state it is pervaded with the energy of a vacuum and ubiquitously fizzing with opposite-charge virtual particles (evidentially, via their collisions and mutual annihilations, the basis of the energy of a [virtual] vacuum, and vice versa) flickering in and out of existence.

2. The fabric of spacetime (the same as the fabric of space) is elastic [in behavior] and the elastic fabric of the informational 3D-4D structural volume and geospatial-grid of spacetime.

3. The [informational-directional] dimensional structure of space makes space a physical structural spacetime thing of existence (in which the state of existence is interchangeably termed the state of being as well as presence, tenure and dwelling), which is also the foremost temporal state, being the state of time and is inextricably concurrent with dimensional space, in which space in the absence of all dimensions would no longer be spacetime nor a thing of existence and not even space, but in its place of nonexistence would be the circumstance of incomprehensible absolute nothing (no place, no direction, no time, no energy, no matter, no light, no darkness, no temperature, no essence if any kind, no anything).

4. The confirmation as fact that formerly theoretical gravitational waves, as distinct from gravitational-well gravity of bodies of mass, informs us that there is an inward-directional pull-effect or -force gravity from bodies and objects of mass and an outward-directional push-effect or -force of gravity, in the form of gravitational waves, produced by the collision and merging of two or more black holes, neutron stars or white dwarf stars.

5. If in reality, if confirmed to be fact, the theoretical gravitons for the gravity of the gravitational wells of macrocosmic bodies of mass correspond in size to fit into the size range of other quantum particles (i.e., from quarks to lepton and hadron quantum-particle families and offshoots), and therein the size of quantum-particle force carriers of the other three fundamental forces of nature, and if all bodies of mass and objects with a mass (including such quantum particles) have a gravity well and a related gravitational pull effect, however small for quantum particles with mass, then the gravitons for gravity wells of quantum particles would expectedly be virtually infinitesimal, by comparison on the quantum particle level, and be behaviorally different from the gravitons of the gravity wells of macrocosmic bodies of mass. (Situations of mergers of quantum particles from collisions between mergeable species of these may generate microcosmic quantum-particle related gravitational waves.) Given this frame of reference, compared to the quantum-particle gravitons of gravity of the gravity wells of macrocosmic bodies of mass, the gravitons of the gravity wells of quantum particles with mass expectedly would be virtually infinitesimal subquantum particles. Alternatively, gravitons might exist and operate in a purely wave state at the quantum particle level and at some threshold point exist and operate as particle-waves or particles, or causally switch between these states, in the atomic-molecular macrocosmic regime of mass in our universe. A candidate for what may be gravitons may be the known virtual particles of virtually vacuum spacetime, ubiquitously fizzing or popping in and out of existence in spacetime.

Quantum particle symmetry theory's hypothesized, and substantially verified, opposite-charge matter-versus-antimatter otherwise equivalent species particles, in this discussion of quantum particles being hypothetical gravitons and antigravitons, would comport with being these virtual quantum particles of matter and antimatter of vacuum space mutually colliding and obliterating and in so doing generating the inherent quantum energy of vacuum space, the basis of matter creation, as well as account for pull-compression pressure gravity resulting from mass, however large or small, and push-emitting gravity pressure of gravitational waves resulting from the merger of black holes and/or supermassive stars or such star remnants, possibly cumulatively the source driving the expansion of the universe's [fabric of ] space, spacetime. Possibly the motion of, or moving, things (their spinning, orbiting or traversing, or all), is a further source of either or both of these directional forces of gravity pressure, extrapolated from physicist Albert Einstein's factually proven inference that acceleration -- also applicable to deceleration, or overall to celeration, be it acceleration or deceleration -- of an object is equivalent in effect to the force of gravity. Incidentally, I recently read an article (this sentence is an addendum to the prior posting of this narrative) on the circumstantial logic and evidence for a multiverse in online Big Think digital magazine, which suggested that the cosmogenic big-bang expansion of the universe was and is its ongoing entropic gravitational pull, or push, away from the initial state of the universe.

6. Acceleration, the increase in velocity of a body in motion or the setting into motion a body at a state of rest, is equivalent to the effect of gravity, and so is deceleration of a body in motion. It is to be clarified as to whether the same effect is produced by a system of perpetually closely neighboring or spatially linked objects moving at different fixed speeds, such as the orbiting system of multiple rings (made of ice, rock and dust) of each, in our solar system, the gas planets Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune.

Q: How is it the case that nothing can exist in the absence of dimensional space, inarguably the same thing as spacetime?

A: Because space, or spacetime, is the host of everything else that exists, that will exist and that could have existed and can exist and because everything of existence is a configuration, form, structure or construction of some kind, and cannot by its [identity of] being a thing or something be otherwise or to the contrary, all of which are simultaneously [the] informationality, spatiality and geometry of the state of existence of each and every thing of the present, future, past and potential, meaning they are things of space and spacetime, their prerequisite for existence and individual informational, geometric-spatial identity, which if abolished would result in everything having no host, no configuration, shape, form, structure, features, geometry, presence and existence. Nothing can exist beyond spacetime, because somewhere else is location, which is [still] space wherever it may be, and to exist is foremost the state of time and the foremost state of time, of the state of being of something or somethingness.

Public Domain

Sample of References on Why Gravity is Not a Force

https://www.veritasium.com/videos/2020/10/9/why-gravity-is-not-a-force

https://www.universetoday.com/108740/how-we-know-gravity-is-not-just-a-force/

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XRr1kaXKBsU

Reference on Gravity as a Force

https://spaceplace.nasa.gov/what-is-gravity/en/

Current Leaky-Refrigerator & Solar-Array Tech for Easily and Readily Producing Storable Liquid Water on Mars, in Its Subsurface and on Its Surface

Current Leaky-Refrigerator & Solar-Array Tech for Easily and Readily Producing Storable Liquid Water on Mars, in Its Subsurface and on Its Surface I'm sharing an off-the-shelf water-making technology with any sci-tech folks interested in the human settlement of Mars and readily harnessing its environment for producing water perhaps anywhere there on its surface and subsurface cavities, natural or engineered. This may be done by exploiting deliberately the appliance-malfunction situation of a continuously leaky refrigerator. In general terms, the leaking refrigerator continuously produces leaking water oozing to its bottom, its internal floor, unless and until the leak-causing mechanism/s is/are repaired to stop the leak, which has to be cleaned up by hand and sponge, etc., daily, in the absence of a leaking-water catching and drainage pan to do this automatically or on a longer periodic basis. To produce the water, the leaking, otherwise operating refrigerator only needs to be plugged into a sufficient source of electrical energy delivery, which on Mars could be an electrical socket from an on-site installation of rooftop solar panels or microgrid of solar panels and wind turbines for generating electricity and electrical-energy power-wall storage units fed by these for later supplying electricity at night or when the sun does not shine and the wind does not blow on Mars, of which the latter is unlikely. Indicatively, if a leaky refrigerator on Mars could produce water by its leaking malfunction, drawing on the aerosol or otherwise H2O, hydrogen and oxygen chemicals naturally in its environment, it could also produce water as normal from its exterior freezer panel feature for doing this. Also, as a backup source of electrical power generation to that of solar panels and wind turbines, human settlements on Mars would use biodigesters to convert humans' toilet, food and other biomass waste into environmentally sequestered methane gas for conversion to electricity generation and for gas for fire cooking and internal-combustion-engine vehicle propulsion -- methane gas from these sources even if released into the Martian environment would be beneficial, as a greenhouse gas, toward warming and thawing physically frozen, freezing Mars and liquifying much of its vast natural stores of water ice into liquid standing and running water and atmospheric moisture and precipitation for making it respiratorily and otherwise directly highly functionally habitable for the humans and human-selected lifeforms of Earth, free of the need for radioactively hazardous and poisonous nuclear reactors#1, and much fossil fuels and fossil-fuels extraction technology and operations, especially environmentally ruinous and biologically harmful coal and fracking hydrocarbon extraction, the latter also dependent on and extremely contaminating and wasteful of valuable water, for electrical and gas fuel energy generation. (Benign geothermal, solar, wind-turbine and biomass-biodigester technology, and even frackless natural gas and oil operations, for generating fuel energy for human technological-industrial needs will continuously improve and evolve in inconceivable for us better ways that make these other industrial fuel energy production alternatives or options irrelevant and obsolete. Iceland on Earth might make a good nation to learn from for harnessing electrical energy from a cold, icy environment, in which it as a nation is expert, and emulating this to the extent possible for human settlements and geothermally-based electrical energy production on cold, icy Mars, https://www.geothermal-energy.org/geothermal-pushes-iceland-to-top-of-the-green-future-index-2021/.). The leaky refrigerators would passively extract the gaseous, aerosol and airborne H2O, hydrogen, oxygen and other oxides, from their subsurface environments, underground and inside of hills, mountains and within the walls of craters as well as on the surface of Mars to produce their own ice and cooling, in addition to water, whose production might be calibrated and which could be drained into leaking water catchment tanks for human use. Probably they could also be used to produce breathable oxygen for vegetation, humans and other select organisms. Modest height and width craters could be domed with, or domed by a roof of, solar-panel, anti-cosmic-ray shielding, mounted on something like an end-to-end, in all directions, total-aerial-crater-span square-area (covering the full area of the aerial-space of the crater) crisscrossing bridging via roof-construction and/or bridge-engineering methods, using, in part, robot drone-helicopters, with lighting on both sides of the crater covering and the craters themselves made into human habitats, garden parks, greenhouses, farms, micro-forests, lakes, etc. The refrigerators could be placed or 3-D printer manufactured or assembled all over, as needed, in the subsurface of Mars and in buildings, greenhouses and other architectural facilities for or serving humans. The following mouse click-on hyperlink articles on IA 3-D printer mobile robots by industry and scientific researchers conclude and demonstrate that IA 3-D printing will be able to build, fabricate and manufacture virtually all human settlement material needs for and on Mars and Earth's moons: https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/nasas-perseverance-rover-bringing-3d-printed-metal-parts-to-mars, https://spacecoastdaily.com/2020/10/nasa-looks-to-use-3d-printing-construction-for-future-infrastructure-on-mars-and-the-moon/, https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/3-d-printing-on-mars/, https://www.asme.org/topics-resources/content/3d-printing-habitats-on-mars, https://spectrum.ieee.org/tech-talk/aerospace/space-flight/3d-printers-could-build-future-homes-on-mars. I know this potential application because my refrigerator began to leak during the COVID-19 pandemic and I decided to build a dam with plumbers' waterproof tape at the bottom of my refrigerator to shore up the leak from flowing onto my bamboo-wood kitchen floor and clean up the leak buildup daily or twice daily until after I've had my two COVID-19 immunization vaccine shots and then request professional repair services for my refrigerator's water leak. I noticed that the water puddling was rapid and large hours later on days I opened and closed the refrigeration compartment door a lot, meaning that inside that compartment of the refrigerator it received and absorbed a lot of air (oxygen) from its exterior environment compared to the days, and hours following, when I opened it a few times, resulting in slow and at times modest to quite modest puddling, whereupon on each occasion I opened it to prepare my day's one-meal supper, some days an elaborate supper and some days not. The point and evidence of this insight are that refrigerators may be ready-made for producing water in subsurface cavities on Mars and the Earth's moon where the water-related chemicals are present in the environment. Both worlds have been confirmed to possess large stores or deposits of water ice at least in their soil and in or extending down to their subsurfaces, quite possibly in their cavities, where, with electrical power, working refrigerators might automatically be able to produce water from the water-related chemicals in the environment, thawed somewhat and aerosolized by light heating if necessary for the refrigerators to interact with them for water making. If a refrigerator can produce a permanently ongoing leaking flow of water in its refrigeration compartment and water on demand from the outside panel of its freezer compartment without its having to be filled with water but by keeping it plugged into an electrical socket, then, firstly, it must be obtaining its water-making chemistry from its surrounding environment, of which the oxygen, a component of the hydrogen and oxygen atoms and gases it would synthesize to make H2O molecules that are the basis of its freezer's ice and its external freezer panel's drinking water as well as the source of its malfunctioning refrigeration compartment's persistently leaking water, and then, secondly, refrigerators generally should also easily be able to be enabled and manufactured for supplying on-site water and a breathable oxygen atmosphere for habitations on Mars and Earth's moon. Minor engineering adjustments of refrigerators by their manufacturers should be possible to make them able to produce, in addition to water, and continuously to output breathable oxygen into their surrounding environments automatically and continuously from the oxygen they extract or harvest from the environment. Solar-array installations that extract water-basis chemicals and molecules from air to manufacture water should also be adjustable by engineering to be able to produce and then route breathable oxygen into human habitations on Mars and the Earth's moon. Past news articles have been published on existing solar tech that can produce water from the air; for example, mouse click on https://news.mit.edu/2020/solar-extracts-drinkable-water-1014 (Solar-powered system extracts drinkable water from “dry” air Researchers at MIT and elsewhere have significantly boosted the output from a system that can extract drinkable water directly from the air even in dry regions, using heat from the sun or another...), which is in use at least among some village people in Africa presently. (Also check out the article 'Kite-Flying Robots on Mars to Generate [Hybrid Wind-Solar Electrical] Energy on Mars' for human settlements by mouse clicking on the following hyperlink: https://www.yahoo.com/finance/news/kite-flying-robots-could-generate-160000107.html. Ground-level solar-array power for generating electricity can be greatly amplified and enhanced on Mars with magnifying glass that can be made in situ on Mars from the vast abundance of seemingly endless Martian sand, and it could do the same for such solar arrays in orbit around Mars. In addition, wind turbines at ground level would be more than sufficiently productive there for this purpose with the everyday, everywhere natural windiness of planet Mars. But the wind-solar kite idea may indeed be a simplifying and maximizing wind-and-solar electrical energy production source in collaboration with the generation of electricity with ground-based solar arrays and wind turbines, apart from ground-based geothermal and biodigester converted toilet, food and biomass waste sources of electrical energy production.). What is better herein, is that the solar[-wind] tech and water-leaky refrigerator tech for on-site water, and possible breathable oxygen, production can be integratively coordinated to do this work on both the subsurface and enclosure surfaces of Mars, maybe even in the subsurface cavities or more of Earth's moon, and in the subsurfaces of the deserts of Earth, so as not to disturb or to minimally disturb the surface areas of the deserts of Earth for their denizen vegetation and animal species.

Because water in any of its chemical states (ice, liquid, gas) would be extremely valuable to human settlements on Mars and the Earth's moon, to systemically budget its expenditure thereon, for most of its plumbing (including personal hygiene and all sanitation applications) and agricultural uses, it can be dispensed in the form of fog and steam, including from faucets/spigots, for which there is already existing technology. And since in-situ wood for building would be highly desirable for construction of human settlements on these worlds, NASA and DARPA biotech contractor companies should be working on artificially mass producing and manufacturing real but sci-tech industrial wood of all natural types, a potentially endlessly trillions-of-dollars industry, with lots of good-paying jobs from bottom to top, that would largely spare the Earth's forests from deforestation for wood harvesting and super boost the USA economy. Footnote 1. As regards their radioactive waste and long-term tremendous and extensive radioactive contamination of the environment and ecology from major nuclear reactor accidents (Three Mile Island in the USA, 1979, Chernobyl in Ukraine, 1981, Fukushima Daiichi in Japan, 2011), in addition to their multi-billions of dollars of cost, primarily at taxpayers' expense, for their construction, their dependence on large quantities of valuable cooling water and the routine high cost of their operation and maintenance. Public Domain

Technosignatures of Extraterrestrial Intelligence (ETI) Worlds & The Question of Dyson Spheres

 

Dyson Spheres as Technosignatures to Look for in Astronomy's Search for Technologically-Industrially Advanced Extraterrestrial Intelligence (ETI) Societies May Be Futile and a Rarity for Potentially Advanced ETIs

I had a thought the evening of 01-28-2021 that was a misgivings reaction to an essay I read on the continuing search of outer space by space scientists for technosignatures related to exoplanets of other star-planetary systems of potentially technologically, industrially advanced ETI species, in which solar-energy-capture Dyson spheres surrounding stars were posited as such a technosignatue (evidence or indicators of advanced industrialization, engineering or technology) of a technologically advanced civilization or society. I thought that more easily, economically and realistically accessible and achievable than technologically advanced ETIs constructing Dyson spheres around stars, for solar systems analogous to ours and with a star like ours (of the same star class and approximate size and mass), instead endlessly inexhaustible electricity could be generated, captured, stored and distributed interplanetarily (including to all solar system moons) from the endlessly renewable, boundless and powerful wind energy of the giant gaseous and wind planets Jupiter, Saturn and Uranus via specially-designed exoplanet aerial, orbital wind-turbines (satellites, that could alternatively be routinely or passively continuously self-fueled, if and as needed either way, by the atmospherically omnipresent hydrocarbon fossil fuels of these planets flowing through open-ended fueling funnels for their engines), permanently orbiting systems, as replaceable fleets, of these giant gaseous, wind planets that also naturally generate endlessly renewable, extreme voltage, electricity, from their constant extreme lightning storms, that could as well be harnessed by specially designed lightning-storm-specialized electrical-energy capture, storage and distribution technology (natural, celestial fuel-energy production machines or factories ready for harnessing by technologically advanced complex organisms and their artificial, machine intelligence)  These electrical energies perhaps could be exported as concentrated electricity beams or streaming columns, etc., to human-tech made electrical fields, or such grids, surrounding human-settlement off-Earth colonied planets and moons (Saturn has our solar system's only known planetary electrical field surrounding it, which could be used as a model for humanity to copy for constructing its own version of the same for its off-Earth planet and moon colonies to receive electricity infusions from these gas-wind planet electrical-energy generating systems).  In any event, for maximized energy security and access-use reliability on off-Earth worlds they would  provide energy in parallel with general-purpose electricity generation from nuclear-ore, mined from the rocky planet-celestial body belt, via futuristic nuclear-waste free and clean, failsafe nuclear power plants. Moreover, likewise nuclear reactors could be built to be artificial heating cores to warm and geothermally terraform terrestrially cold, geophysically and biologically largely inactive planets and moons as well as to be orbiting artificial heat- and light-producing sun-moons for such planets and moons to be settled. Short-term experimental sun-moons (called artificial suns) have recently been made separately by each the People's Republic of China (https://www.seeker.com/star-in-a-jar-fusion-reactor-works-and-promises-infinite-energy-2134228965.html) and South Korea (https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/watch/south-koreas-artificial-sun-just-broke-a-world-record-in-nuclear-fusion/vp-BB1cjFPD), a concept I wrote on in a blog some years back and one that was also pioneered in Germany on a mini-scale, in an experiment named "A Star in a Jar" (https://www.seeker.com/star-in-a-jar-fusion-reactor-works-and-promises-infinite-energy-2134228965.html).  As regards the latter, does it suggest that humanity's astrophysics engineering can create micro and miniature controllable neutron stars, magnetars and black holes to also serve technologically, industrially advancing humanity's growing and more demanding fuel-energy and vehicle-propulsion as well as unrecyclable waste-disposal needs, if our species does not precipitate its own extinction first from the path to its self-extinction it is on presently?  In the least, these neophyte star techs of humanity are the foundations and frontier of human sci-technocracy’s grand star-tech engineering to come, which may already exist as a high art and sci-tech practice of cognitively and technologically, industrially highly advanced ETs. For the rocky planetary-celestial object belt in the solar-system region nearest to the sun, in addition to ground-based wind turbines, in-situ, on-site solar capture, storage and distribution technology would suffice or supplement energy supplies generated from futuristic nuclear-waste free and clean, failsafe nuclear power plants and imported from the gaseous, wind giant planets, but would need to be enhanced for the cold, dimmer planets, moons and asteroids of this rocky region.

However, technologically, industrially highly advanced ETIs might be able to manage the power of their star and perpetuate the life of their star indefinitely beyond its natural life span by obtaining for it, as in periodically mobilizing or shepherding into their solar system, and feeding it star-forming nebulae via their technology for doing this, among other star-life perpetuation and power-level calibrating strategies for their star. Nebulae might come from interstellar space beyond the solar system's heliosphere or possibly from the equivalent of suitably select Kuiper-belt primordial solar-disk celestial objects composed of ice, outer-space debris and gas that when moved to the inner solar system could liquify and outgas to nebulae or other mixed-matter clouds in that main planetary sector of the solar system.  (Other select latter objects may also somehow be preserved as such objects to be deposited in craters or valleys of the solar system's planets and moons of their colonization to stock them with water as needed or on a regular supply schedule, appropriate for each world.)  And, if need be, they could remove plasma or other developments or structures from their star to avert its capture by a black hole or another star, or its transformation into a different star phase, or for whatever purpose, like their siphoning induced plasma ejecta from a plasma-donor star for their relevant technology to fuel their home star or a colony-donee-recipient star.  If the light-travel distance signature and light-spectra indicated age of the star type radio-telescopically observed indicate that the star is way too old for its type with its parameters to have naturally survived in its given stellar state to that point in time and to have produced those two signatures, then speculatively there is a rational chance and it is an academically admissible hypothesis that those stellar-cosmic signatures are signs of ETI star-tech engineering, or doctoring, a kind of ETI-star longevity symbiosis.   (Our astronomy very well may have spotted and reported on celestial anomalies that could be signs of star-tech and analyzed them, hopefully not ideologically, to be something falling into the intellectual filter for screening for the familiar, often societal or institutional conventional or orthodox thinking and explanations formally termed confirmation bias.  By the way, now renowned intellectuals Giordano Bruno and Galilei Galileo were victims of this kind of thinking in their lifetimes in the 1600s CE.  There was much pubic skepticism that there were extrasolar planets until the first discovery of extrasolar planets in 1992 and still much public skepticism that extrasolar planets were common or typical until circa the second decade of the 21st century, skepticism that has largely shed given their routine discovery with major improvements in radio and optical astronomy, that are very far from optimal.)

Giant light-and-heat magnifier, mirror-magnifying-glass-like deflector-system Dyson spheres encircling stars could be useful in cold, dim solar systems for the purpose of warming and lighting them up enough to create the environmental conditions in them that would make them habitable somewheres therein for biology of some kind as we know it to crop up and live. Also, Dyson spheres of a different deflector kind might be useful for encircling black holes for harnessing exotic energy, possibly dark energy and/or matter, from them.

Intriguing Stars and an Intriguing Black Hole

(Mouse click on the hyperlinks below to see and read:)

https://astrobiology.nasa.gov/news/the-ever-more-puzzling-and-intriguing-tabbys-star/ -- Tabby Star

http://www.sci-news.com/astronomy/balls-plasma-binary-star-system-04259.html#:~:text=Astronomers%20using%20the%20NASA%2FESA%20Hubble%20Space%20Telescope%20have,V%20Hydrae.%20This%20image%20shows%20V%20Hydrae%20%28center%29.  A cyclically plasma-belching binary star system

https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-6973527/Astronomers-spot-black-hole-ejecting-plasma-spinning-fast-drags-spacetime.html -- a cyclically plasma-belching black hole

https://www.space.com/20112-oldest-known-star-universe.html -- The Methuselah Star

Trump’s Failed Election Fight-Back Strategy and Game Plan

Trump’s Failed Election Fight-Back Strategy and Game Plan

(See news article The Hill@thehill· 2h#BREAKING: Trump refuses to accept Biden victory, promises legal challenges http://hill.cm/j7Fosel)

 

POTUS Donald J. Trump is a con artist who personally prides himself on being a brazen, in-your-face con man because, for him, on a win-to-lose ratio basis it is profitable for him, it is a viable business model writ large that has a high-frequency payoff for him and that sustains him quite well.

It's the core of his livelihood, stock-and-trade skillset.

 

Trump will use his transparently and absurd, to most people, false accusations of vote fraud and election stealing from him to both 1.), to try to win or pretend to try to win in and from the US Supreme Court what he lost in the democratic balloting process, by asking the US Supreme Court to disqualify the Biden-Harris winning margins of vote (Six of the 9 US Supreme Court justices are Republican conservatives and 3 of them were appointed by POTUS Trump, whose respective political-party affiliation or partisanship and [debt of] gratefulness to him, as applicable, for his appointments of them as justices on the Supreme Court, he hopes will induce or persuade them to put their partisan politics and [debt of] personal gratitude to him before the US Constitution and system of government leadership selection by election-and-balloting democracy), and 2.), to fundraise political or political-legal donations and grift, via the fake or dishonest cause of political-grievance litigation, from his voting bloc in part to do the former or pretend to do the former. (It is not illegal to publicly make [propagandistic] false allegations that are not statutorily ((by-law)) or administratively false testimony in official or sworn documents or vocally to or before designated law-enforcement personnel, including law-enforcement investigators, in courts and before justices of government courts [who require substantiation or corroboration in the form of material or circumstantial evidence or proof], so it is common for some defendants, some of their attorneys and some personally non-slanderous accusers, including Trump, politicians and lawyers, to utter such lies publicly, until they testify under oath and penalty of perjury as described.) Trump seems to use and exploit his every howl and grievance issue to fundraise and presumably to grift. He's no Gipper; he's the grifter.

 

Trump would like the US Supreme Court to rule that balloting by mail, which he has criticized as corruption and fraud fraught for the 2020 election but not for his 2016 presidential election or any election before or since it, is unconstitutional and not protected by federal Congressional statutory law, although it is authorized by state law and he and millions of US citizens, from the top through bottom of the social classes, have regularly voted by mail in the past to the present time, because, for the 11-03-2020 presidential and national elections, he and GOP leaders encouraged Republican voters to vote in person and Democratic Party leaders encouraged their voters to vote by mail, given the COVID-19 pandemic situation and as a defense against incurring it for voters, as the first voting option and in person as the second option, with the sociological voting effect of these different political party recommendations being that Republican voters dominated the in-person voting, favoring Trump-Pence, and Democratic Party voters dominated the by-mail voting, favoring Biden-Harris. However, the US Consitution grants the states the authority to make the laws governing voting procedures, providing, in view of the 14th and 19th amendments of the US Constitution and federal statutory law against racially, etc., discriminatory state laws and practices, they are equitable and their time frames for these are federally lawful [and reasonable].

 

Expectedly, his team-player (or teammate), shyster personal attorney Looney Rudy Giuliani will be on the payroll disbursement end of the fundraising for this purpose or enterprise.

 

A bit of good, pro-democracy news on the Trumpian-GOP publicly discussed strategy of alternatively securing reelection of Trump as US President through the Electoral College vote by having the state legislatures with Republican Party legislator majorities in swing states -- that the Biden-Harris presidential ticket won the popular vote majorities in, that conferred to the Biden-Harris ticket the electoral votes for those swing states -- to change their state law conferring the state's electoral votes, normally going to the majority popular-vote-winning presidential ticket, to a new law giving the state legislature the exclusive right to grant the state's electoral votes, by GOP majority vote of the GOP-dominated legislature, to whichever candidate ticket the GOP-dominated legislature arbitrarily chooses. By this change of the electoral-vote allocation in the concerned swing states with a legislature with a GOP-dominated majority, the Trump-GOP strategy was for them to give their states' electoral votes, purely GOP Political Party partisanly, to the Trump-Pence ticket, which would reelect the GOP Trump-Pence presidential ticket.

 

However, I read an article on this strategy, on a conservative online news site, that explained it was moot for this year's presidential election, year 2020, because in the 1890s the US Congress passed a law on this same issue providing, in effect and paraphrase, that any such change of state law had to be passed prior to a particular presidential election and was not retroactively applicable to a preceding election (that is, if it were passed after a given, concerned presidential election).  Moreover, the GOP-dominated legislature of the swing state of Pennsylvania, whose majority of popular presidential-candidate votes were won by the presidential-candidate ticket of Biden-Harris, was the first to publicly reject and repudiate the concerned tactic to overturn the will of the majority of voters of Pennsylvania.   The GOP-dominated legislatures of the swing states of Michigan, Nevada and Wisconsin, whose majorities of the popular votes the Biden-Harris presidential ticket won, also publicly rejected and repudiated this tactic.  Commendably, in reference to the democratic-republic form of government of the USA and its states, these GOP-dominated state legislatures thereby have safeguarded the will-of-the-majority-vote indirect democracy, via the classical Republican model of representative democracy, of the Electoral College elector votes and system of voting to elect the president of the USA, electoral votes primarily allocated on a per-state basis to the majority or plurality popular vote winner of the presidential vote of the state, of the individual states.  

(As of Friday, 11-20-2020, Trump and team are yet overtly trying to woo, personally, the leaders of the GOP legislatures in these states to subscribe to this tactic to overturn the will of the voter majority and redirect their states' presidential electoral votes to reelecting Trump as US President in the official Electoral College-vote of Monday, 12-14-2020 for electing the US President from among the presidential candidates.  Where this effort by Trump and team to woo GOP legislative leaders with legislatures dominated by Republicans in the swing states, whose majority voters voted for Biden-Harris for President-VP and earned the latter their states' electoral votes, fails to persuade them to change their electoral laws so they can arbitrarily re-allocate their states' electoral votes retroactively, vis a vis the 11-03-2020 presidential-plus elections, to the losing presidential candidates Republicans Trump-Pence, Trump and Team are tapping the RNC and concerned state Republican Parties to appeal to them to do the same or disrupt the pending vote-tally certifications, the official state end-points, of the presidential election that is precedent to the 12-14-2020 protocol, official Electoral College finalized electoral vote, predetermined based on the electoral votes won by the Biden-Harris versus the Trump-Pence presidential-VP tickets for election of the US President for 2020.  Trump, team and GOP organs are variously also imploring state-level election officials and filing frivolous lawsuits in state and federal courts to stall, stay and disrupt vote-tally certifications of the swing-state elections for President-VP won by Biden-Harris, all indicatively so there will be no state-level official vote-tally certification of a Presidential-VP winner for the concerned swing states won by Biden-Harris by 12-14-2020, the official Electoral College vote day and final vote-tally certification day for President-VP, as well as for the official Electoral College declaration of the winner, with the result that either the GOP-dominated legislatures of the concerned swing states thereby will nevertheless be [presumably lawfully] able to arbitrarily allocate their until-then officially uncertified states' electoral votes on that crucial day [to fellow Republicans Trump-Pence] or the Electoral College will not be able able to proceed with an Electoral College election on that day for US President-VP owing to a shortfall of certified vote tallies and electoral vote allocations from some states, among all 50 states of the USA, for conducting its election and officially declaring the elected US President, which might land adjudication for a remedy or solution to the 2020 US presidential election in the jurisdiction of the US Supreme Court or the US Congress, or worse (a more divisive, socially-politically disordered, broken USA).  It also appears that they are trying concurrently to trump up and seize on an election grievance legality (legal technicality) to take the 2020 US presidential election result to trial before the US Supreme Court, in which to also argue for it to strike down, as federally unconstitutional, the Congressional law of the late 1800s outlawing the retroactive application of changes in state laws governing [the allocation of] state presidential electoral votes.) 

Meanwhile, Trump and his political team are deploying every means -- federal agency, state government, court-action, communications media, human, political figure and disinformation -- at their disposal to disparage and try to cast discredit on the validity of and invalidate and overturn the Biden-Harris election wins in the presidential-election deciding swing states.